jL,  ’ ■ $r>  * 


r-  H. 

^’v^a/va. 


^Ajl&a  Ks/ht.'S~<S~ 

Engineering  Features 


of  the 


Waiahole  Water  Project 


of  the 


Waiahole  Water  Co 


Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii 


By  Chas.  H.  Kluegel,  Aem.  Am.  Soc.  C.E. 


Honolulu 

The  Hawaiian  Gazette  Co.,  Ltd. 
1916 


|iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini| 

1 ISLAND  OF  1 


H TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII  || 

= U.  S.  A-  = 

1 Map  and  Guide  1 


Issued  by  the 

Hawaii  Promotion  Committee 

official  Information  Bureau  for  the 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 
: : : : ALL  ISLANDS  : : : : 

City  and  County  of  Honolulu 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Honolulu 
Maui  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Kauai  Chamber  of  Commerce 
: : Hilo  Board  of  Trade  : : 


“ Write  us  for  other  information  about  the 

= : : : : Hawaiian  Islands  : : : : sz 

— A fully  equipped  Information  Bureau  is  jzz 
maintained  by  the  Promotion  Committee  at  — 

— its  rooms , Bishov  Street,  Alexander  Young  — 

Building  = 


~ Illustrated  pamphlets,  descriptive  of  Ha-  = 

— waii,  Railway  and  Steamship  Time  Tables, 

==  Hotel  folders  and  general  travel  data,  re-  ~ 

— lating  to  all  parts  of  the  World  at  your  = 

“ service — Free.  = 

| 1916  | 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


Walking  Trips  and  Mountain  Climbing 

*uspic»s  Promotion  Committeo  and  Trail  and  Mountain  Club 
(Maps  at  Promotion  Committee  Rooms) 

No  more  delightful  manner  of  seeing  the  island 
i*  possible  than  on  foot.  The  natives  all  through 
the  island  have  a splendid  natural  hospitality 
which  always  adds  to  the  pleasure  of  the  visitor, 
while  there*  are  lodging  houses  and  small  hotels 
at  frequent  intervals  on  the  main  traveled  tho- 
roughfares, where  food  of  good  quality  and  com- 
fortable sleeping  quarters  may  be  secured  at  very 
moderate  cost.  A pleasant  feature  of  the  around- 
th e-island  trip  is  the  fact  that  only  33  miles  of  it 
lies  far  from  the  railroad,  enabling  one  to  get 
back  to  Honolulu  in  short  order  if  for  any  reason 
he  so  desires.  A daily  auto  bus  covers  the  re- 
maining portion  of  the  circuit  so  that  one  need 
not  walk  at  all  unless  he  sees  fit. 

Then  there  are  scores  of  shorter  trips  of  vary- 
ing length  through  the  fern-clad  mountain 
ravines,  or  along  sparkling  sea  beaches  which 
may  be  made  to  suit  the  time  or  desire  of  the 
nature  lover.  Plantations  and  sugar  mills  may 
be  visited  by  carriage,  auto,  or  train,  but  the 
grandest  pictures  of  mountain  sea  and  sky  are 
reserved  alone  for  the  sturdy  pedestrian.  In  no 
country  in  the  world  does  the  man  on  foot  have  a 
greater  advantage  in  his  sightseeing,  and  fewer 
disadvantages  than  in  Hawaii.  No  snakes  or  nox- 
ious insects  are  found  in  the  islands. 

The  picturesque  mountains  of  the  island  of 
Oahu  are  now  reached  by  means  of  a number  of 
well  defined  and  carefully  planned  trails.  The 
loftiest  of  verture  clad  peaks  have  been  brought 
within  easy  walking  distance  of  Honolulu  by  a 
variety  of  routes.  The  Hawaii  Promotion  Com- 
mittee is  prepared  to  give  information  pertain- 
ing to  tramping  trips,  the  best  available  route, 
condition  of  trails,  etc.  To  the  devotee  of  out- 
of-door  life,  a tramp  over  the  following  trails 
is  recommended. 

Tantalus  Ridge,  (back  of  Honolulu)  ; Punch- 
bowl-Tantalus Trail;  Makiki  Trail;  Round-Top 
carriage  and  motor  road;  Castle  Trail  from  Ma- 
noa  valley;  Hildebrand  Trail;  Olympus  Trail  to 
Mount  Olympus;  Waianae  Range;  Mt.  Kaala  from 
Schofield  Barracks;  Koolau  Range;  Punaluu  Trail 
(windward  Oahu). 

Trips  Around  Honolulu 
Many  interesting  walks  in  and  near  Honolulu 
afford  opportunities  to  see  “China  and  Japan” 
without  going  to  “The  Far  East.”  Chinatown 
teems  with  interesting  people  and  life  from  the 
Orient;  the  shops  and  industries  are  quaint  and 
unique  and  well  worth  visiting.  A walking  tour 
of  the  Japanese  and  Chinese  section  of  Hono- 
lulu has  been  outlined,  an  itinerary  of  which  will 
be  furnished  upon  application  at  the  Hawaii  Pro- 
motion Committee  office. 

Auto  Bus  Transportation 
A mail  auto  bus  leaves  the  post  office  in  Hono- 
lulu at  9 o’clock  each  week  day  morning,  running 
to  Waikane,  on  the  windward  side  of  the  Island, 

21  miles  distant,  and  returning  in  the  evening. 
The  starting  point  is  on  Pauahi  St.,  near  Ma-., 
unakea  St.  The  fare  one  way  per  passenger  ir/^ 
$1.  Other  stage  lines  run  every  day,  covering 
same  course  but  continuing  to  Hauula  and  Laie. 


ISLAND  OF 

OAHU 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 
U.  S.  A. 

Map  and  Guide 


Issued  by  the 

Hawaii  Promotion  Committee 

official  Information  Bureau  for  the 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 
::  ::  ALL  ISLANDS  ::  :: 

City  and  County  of  Honolulu 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Honolulu 
Maui  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Kauai  Chamber  of  Commerce 
: : Hilo  Board  of  Trade  : : 


Write  us  for  other  information  about  the 
: : : : Hawaiian  Islands  : : : : 

A fully  equipped  Information  Bureau  is 
maintained  by  the  Promotion  Committee  at 
its  rooms,  Bishoo  Street,  Alexander  Young 
Building 


Illustrated  pamphlets,  descriptive  of  Ha- 
ivaii,  Railway  and  Steamship  Time  Tables, 
Hotel  folders  and  general  travel  data,  re- 
lating to  all  parts  of  the  World  at  your 
service — Free. 

1916 


ISLAND  OF  OAHU 

The  Island  of  Oahu  is  third  in  point  of  size, 
but  first  in  importance  among  the  islands  of  the 
Hawaiian  group.  Honolulu,  the  Capital  City,  is 
situated  on  its  southern  coast  and  is  the  com- 
mercial center  of  the  Pacific — the  great  cross- 
roads— where  all  the  principal  steamships  and 
sailing  routes  of  the  great  ocean  meet. 

Oahu  is  also  the  stragetic  center  of  the  United 
States’  interests  in  the  Pacific.  Here  is  located 
the  magnificent  land-locked  arm  of  the  sea,  Pearl 
Harbor,  where  the  Navy  Department  has  under 
construction  what  is  to  be  the  greatest  naval 
base  in  the  world.  Millions  have  been  spent 
on  this  project  and  two  years  are  estimated 
for  the  completion  of  the  work.  Plans  contem- 
plating the  adequate  fortification  of  the  entire 
island  are  being  worked  out  which  in  the  reali- 
zation will  make  the  island  impregnable — a sec- 
ond Malta. 

Honolulu,  the  Capital  of  the  Territory,  is  a 
modern  city  along  American  lines,  of  more  than 
65,000  inhabitants.  It  has  a splendid  land-locked 
harbor  which  handles  practically  all  of  the  trans- 
pacific shipping,  and  is  equipped  with  fine 
wharves,  coal  and  fuel  oil  facilities  and  a float- 
ing drydock.  The  climate  is  dry  and  never 
oppressively  warm;  few  cities  of  equal  size  any- 
where in  the  world  equal  it  in  healthfulness.  The 
city  has  a number  of  modern  hotels;  paved 
streets;  extensive  trolley  system;  wireless  and 
cable  offices. 

The  island  is  about  46  miles  in  length  by  26  in  * 
breadth,  and  contains  an  area  of  598  square  miles. 
There  are  two  principal  ranges  of  mountains,  of 
which  the  Koolau  extends  practically  the  whole 
length  of  the  island  along  the  northeastern  or 
windward  side,  while  the  Waianae  range  is  on 
the  southwestern  side.  Both  of  these  ranges  are 
extremely  rugged  and  covered  generally  with  a 
dense  but  low  forest  growth.  In  elevation  they 
average  between  2,000  and  3,000  feet.  Between 
the  two  ranges  is  an  elevated  tableland. 

The  greater  part  of  the  177  miles  of  coast  line 
is  fringed  with  coral  reefs  extending  from  a few 
rods  to  a mile  or  more  seaward.  The  reefs  are 
usually  submerged  at  high  tide,  and  partially  ex- 
posed at  low  water. 

ELEVATIONS 

Feet. 

Mt.  Kaala,  Waianae  Range  (Highest  Peak 4030 


Konahuanui,  peak  south  of  Pali  3105 

Tantalus,  or  Puu  Ohia  2013 

Punchbowl  Hill  or  Puowaina  498 

Diamond  Head,  or  Leahi  761  s. 

Koko  Headj  higher  crater  1205  , 

At  Pali  1214 


FISHING 

Game  fishing  is  a sport  well  developed  and  ac- 
cessible to  tourists,  at  Catalina  Island  rates  for 
power  boat,  boatman,  etc.  There  are  numerous 
kinds  of  fish  in  Hawaiian  waters  of  splendid 
game  qualities.  Shark  fishing,  however,  is  prac- 
ticed to  a considerable  extent,  and  furnishes  an 
exciting  sport.  These  great  fishes  are  generally 
lured  by  means  of  an  anchored  animal  carcass, 
and  either  harpooned  or  taken  with  hooka. 

The  well  known  species  of  giant  mackerels,  the 
leaping  tuna  (thunnus  thynnus)  ; long  fin  tuna 
(thunnus  alalonga)  ; and  yellow  fin  tuna  (thu- 
nnus macrapterus) , as  well  as  the  albacore, 
ocean  bonito,  yellow  tail  swordfish,  dolphin,  bar- 
racuda, tarpon,  and  ulua,  a very  gamey  fish, 
are  caught  in  Hawaiian  waters. 

Members  of  the  recently  organized  Hawaii 
Tuna  Club  will  gladly  assist  game  fishermen  who 
visit  the  Islands.  Fishing  parties  are  made  up 
at  Honolulu  and  at  Haleiwa,  the  latter  now  recog- 
nized by  sportsmen  as  “The  Avalon  of  Hawaii.” 

Besides  these  there  are  numerous  other  fishes 
which  will  doubtless  in  time  make  Hawaii  the 
anglers’  paradise.  There  is  also  splendid  fishing 
and  spearing  of  various  kinds  of  shallow  water 
fishes  along  the  reefs. 


AUTOMOBILING 

The  island  offers  many  attractions  to  motorists. 
With  few  exceptions  the  roads  are  excellent  in  all 
seasons.  Most  of  them  are  macadamized,  while  the 
earth  roads  are  good  except  in  very  rainy  weather. 
About  2,700  autos  are  in  service  in  Honolulu, 
and  the  island  of  Oahu. 

By  Government  Road  from  Postoffice,  Hono- 
lulu. 

NOTE — These  distances  are  given  progressively 
along  several  lines  of  travel. 

To * Miles. 

Waikiki  Beach  3.5 

Diamond  Head  6.0 

Kaimuki  5.0 

Waialae  6.2 

Koko  Head  12.0 

Makapuu  Point  15-jj 

Country  Club  2.5 

Pali  6-5 

Kaneohe  lf.0 

Waikane  21.0 

Kahana  26.5 

Hauula  21.5 

Laie  34.5 

Kahuku  Mill  37.0 

Kahuku  Ranch  40.0 

Haleiwa  (via  Pali) °6.0 

Moanalua  (via  King  St.-Ft.  Shafter) 3.5 

Kipapa  Gulch  12.5 

Kaukonohua  Gulch  -0.0 

Leilehua  (Schofield  Barracks)  20.0 

Waialua  28.0 

Haleiwa  (Haleiwa  Hotel)  31.0 

Waimea  32.5 


POINTS  OF  INTEREST 

Barking  Sands. — On  Oahu  Railway,  38  miles 
from  Honolulu,  near  Makua  station.  Interesting 
and  curious  natural  phenomenon. 

Fort  Ruger. — New  fortification  back  of  Dia- 
mond Head,  extinct  crater ; Eight  12-inch  mortars. 

Haleiwa. — A strictly  first-class,  modern  hotel, 
located  56  miles  from  Honolulu  on  the  Oahu  Rail- 
way. One  of  the  most  picturesque  and  pleasantly 
located  places  on  the  Island.  Rates  $3.00  and 
$4.00  per  day;  by  the  week,  $17.50  and  $21.00. 
Reached  by  rail  and  auto.  Luncheon  point  on 
“Round-the-Island”  auto  trips. 

Hauula. — A station  on  the  Koolau  Railway  on 
the  north  side  oT  the  Island,  31  miles  from  Hono- 
lulu by  auto,  via  Pali.  Has  comfortable  hotel. 
Board  and  room  $3.00  per  day;  by  week,  $17.00. 
Popular  rest  house  with  ‘Round-the-Island’  tramp- 
ing parties. 

Kahuku. — Terminal  of  Oahu  Railway,  71.5 
miles  from  Honolulu.  Most  northern  point  of 
Island,  and  location  of  long  distance  Marconi 
wireless  station. 

Kaneohe  Bay — Across  the  Pali.  12  miles. 
Resort:  “Coral  Gardens.”  Boating,  fishing,  bath- 
ing. Regular  and  special  auto  trips  daily. 

Marconi  Wireless  Receiving  Station. — Kolco 
Head.  Distance  13  miles  from  Honolulu.  An  in- 
teresting trip.  The  largest  wireless  equipment 
in  the  world.  New  first-order  Government  light  * 
house  at  Makapuu  point,  3 miles  further  on. 

Moanalua. — Magnificent  estate  of  Hon.  S.  M. 
Damon.  Situated  3V&  miles  from  Honolulu.  Open  t 
to  visitors  Saturday  afternoons.  By  auto  or  trolley. 

Nuuanu  Pali.— Historic  battle  ground  of  Oahu, 
and  one  of  the  grandest  viewpoints  of  mountain, 
sea  and  sky  in  the  whole  Territory.  Six  miles 
by  auto  from  Honolulu  post  office  by  macadam 
road.  Visitors  should  not  miss  this  trip. 

Schofield  Barracks.— Big  brigade  army  post 
at  Leliehua,  near  Wahiawa.  Take  Wahiawa 
train.  About  3,000  troops  stationed  here. 

Sisal. — Station  on  Oahu  Railway  20  miles  from 
Honolulu.  Center  of  principal  sisal  fiber  in- 
dustry. Also  site  of  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  Magnetic  Station. 

Tantalus. — Mountain  back  of  Honolulu  and 
site  of  number  of  summer  residences.  Delightful 
6 mile  drive.  2^  miles  by  foot  trails.  Elevation 
2013  feet.  New  Round-top  auto  drive. 

Wahiawa. — Center  of  the  pineapple  district. 
Twenty-five  miles  from  Honolulu  by  rail.  A de- 
lightful one  day’s  outing.  Pleasant,  comfortable 
hotel;  $2.50  per  day;  $15.00  per  week. 

Waialee. — Seat  of  Territorial  Industrial  School. 

An  interesting  reformatory  institution  for  boys. 

On  Oahu  Railway,  65  miles  from  Honolulu. 

Waimea. — Station  on  Oahu  Railway,  61.5  miles 
from  Honolulu.  Near  here  are  the  ruins  of  one 
of  the  largest  heiaus,  or  ancient  native  temples  ^ 
on  the  Island.  Also  center  of  pineapple  industry 
of  this  section. 


SPORTS  IN  OAHU 

Hawaii  is  a land  of  outdoors.  Houses  are  only 
necessary  for  shelter  from  rains,  which  are  infre- 
quent in  most  sections.  It  is  never  too  warm  for 
outdoor  sports — baseball,  tennis,  golf,  polo,  etc., 
being  played  the  year  round  under  most  favorable 
conditions.  Yachting,  fishing,  game  fishing,  swim- 
ming and  surfing,  horseback  riding,  motoring, 
have  their  devotees  every  day  in  the  year,  while 
mountain  climbing  and  tramping  are  becoming 
more  and  more  popular.  For  hunters  there  are 
duck  and  plover  and  dove  in  season,  and  in  the 
mountains  the  expert  with  the  rifle  may  bag  fine 
specimens  of  wild  goats  and  wild  pigs. 


RAILROADS 

The  Oahu  Railroad,  a splendidly  equipped  nar- 
row gauge  line,  belts  the  island  westward  from 
Honolulu  for  a distance  of  72  miles.  A branch 
from  Waipahu  extends  11  miles  up  the  valley  to 
Wahiawa,  the  center  of  the  pineapple  district, 
with  a spur  to  Schofield  Barracks,  where  some 
6000  troops  are  stationed. 

The  scenery  along  this  line  is  very  beautiful, 
combining  ever  changing  views  of  ocean  and 
mountain.  A number  of  trains  each  way  daily 
afford  a most  comfortable  and  speedy  way  of  view- 
ing Hawaiian  scenery. 

Following  is  the  schedule  of  passenger  trains 
on  the  line: 

Outward 

For  Waianae,  Waialua,  (Haleiwa  Hotel)  Ka- 
huku and  way  stations — *9:15  a.  m.,  *3:20  p.  m. 

For  Pearl  City,  Ewa  Mill  and  way  stations — 
f7:30  a.  m.,  *9:15  a.  m.,  *11:30  a.  m.,  *2:15  p.m., 
f2:40  p.  m.,  *3:20  p.  m.,  J9:30  p.  m.,  *11:00  p.  m., 
tll:15  p.  m. 

For  Leilehua  and  Wahiawa — *10:20  a.  m.,  f2:40 
p.m.,  *5:00  p.  m.  and  *11:00  p.  m. 

Inward 

Arrive  Honolulu  from  Kahuku,  Waialua  and 
Waianae — *8:36  a.  m. ; Haleiwa  Hotel — *5:31 
p.  m. 

Arrive  Honolulu  from  Ewa  Mill  and  Pearl  City 
—t7:45  a.  m.,  *8:36  a.  m.,  *9:15  a.  m.,  *11:02  a. 
m.,  *1:40  p.  m.,  fi:55  p.  m.,  *4:01  p.  m.,  *4:26 
p.  m.,  *5:31  p.  m.,  *7:30  p.  m. 

Arrive  Honolulu  from  Wahiawa  and  Leilehua 
— *9:15  a.  m.,  fl:55  p.  m.,  *4:01  p.  m.,  and  *7:10 
p.  m. 

* Daily,  f Except  Sunday.  J Sunday  only. 


The  Haleiwa  Limited,  a two-hour  train  (only 
first  class  tickets  honored,)  leaves  Honolulu  every 
Sunday  at  8:36  . m.  for  Haleiwa  Hotel  only;  re- 
turning, arrives  in  Honolulu  at  10:00  p.  m.  The 
Limited  stops  only  at  Pearl  City  and  Waianae. 

At  Kahuku  connections  are  made  for  Laie, 
Hauula  and  Kahana  over  the  Koolau  Railway. 


OAHU 

/tAWAUAN  ISLANDS 
Scale  / Inch  = 20000  P&e.t 
jMop  Compiled  ^or  d>&  Namah  Promotion  Committee 
By  P£  Newton 

Scale  of  Mi/es 


^Poll’ll  k. 


“ROUND-THE-ISLAND"  TRIP 

90  MILES 

Auto  route  via  Nuuanu  Pali 

Features  Enroute: 

Pali,  ancient  battle  ground; 
uoral  Gardens.  Kaneohe,  Bay,  12  miles; 
heeia.  Federal  Wireless  Station: 
Kahaluu,  Libby  Pineapple  Cannery; 
Hauula  Hotel,  Hauula,  32  miles; 

Laie,  (Mormon  Settlement  and  Temple) : 
Kahuku  Sugar  Plantation  ; 

Marconi  Wireless  Station; 

Boys'  Industrial  School; 

Ruins  Ancient  Heeiau;  (Temple) ; 
Waialua  Sugar  Plantation; 

Haleiwa  Hotel,  Waialua. 

56  rmles,  auto,  via  Pali ; 

31  miles,  auto,  via  Wahiawa ; 

56  miles,  rail,  via  Kaena  Point; 
Schofield  Barracks,  (Army  Post) ; 
Wahiawa  Pineapple  District; 

Wahiawa  Hotel; 

Pearl  Harbor  Lochs  (view  of  U.  S. 
Naval  Station  and  Fort  Kamehameha 
Military  Reservation)  ; 

Oahu  Sugar  Plantation  (at  Waipahu) ; 
Honolulu  Sugar  Plantation,  (at  Aiea) ; 
Moanalua  Gardens; 

Fort  Shafter; 

Bishop  Museum. 


ROUND-THE-ISLAND 

A Rail  Trip  on  Oahu. 

Passing  Pearl  Harbor,  and  Honolulu,  Oahu, 
Ewu  and  Waianao  Sugar  Plantations;  Haleiwa 
Hotel  and  Kahuku  (terminus)  connecting  with 
Koolau  R.  R.  via  Laio  and  Hauula  (hotel)  for 
Kahana  (terminus). 


LOOPING  OAHU  BY  MOTOR 

History,  poetry,  legend  and  romance  have  woven 
a spell  about  a fairy-land  that  awaits  the  trav- 
eler in  an  all-day  journey  around  the  island  of 

The  pleasure  of  hours  spent  amid  beautiful 
and*  suggestive  surroundings  lies  largely  in  the 
fact  that  impressions  are  not  crowded,  the  mind 
mirrors  clearly,  shnrply,  definitely,  things  seen 
and  felt.  In  touring  Oahu  by  motor  or  rail  knows 
none  of  the  mental  and  physical  weariness  which 
dulls  at  the  end  of  a journey,  the  full  appreciation 
of  tho  benefits  received. 

About  eight  hours  is  taken  in  circling  a pic- 
turesque portion  of  the  island.  Leaving  Hono- 
lulu via  the  verdure-lined  Nuuanu  avenue,  and  up 
the  valley,  and  passing  tropical  growths  of  riotous 
profusion,  the  matchless  Pali  six  miles  distant  is 
reached,  the  traveler  pausing  to  view  of  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  island,  a scene  unrivaled  where 
flies  the  Stars  and  Stripes.  Here  King  Kameha- 
meha’s  forces  of  historic  fame  in  1795  put  to  rout 
the  Oahuans.  Thousands  met  death  at  the  bottom 
of  n thousand-foot  precipice.  The  awe-inspiring 
phases,  the  ever  changing  panorama  of  kaleidos- 
copic shades  of  lights  and  colors  are  unfolded 
while  one  descends  1200  feet  by  picturesque  series 
of  “switchback"  and  winding  vistas  of  road  into 
one  of  the  most  productive  regions  the  island  of 
Oahu  boasts. 

Twelve  miles  from  Honolulu,  fish  and  all  forms 
of  marine  life  are  seen  under  unique  conditions 
where  they  take  on  unusual  brilliance.  Kaneohe 
coral  gardens,  a chief  point  of  interest  on  wind- 
ward Oahu,  is^easily  accessible  to  the  motorist. 

Kaneohe  Bay  where  the  depths  of  sea  are^um 
folded  as  an  open  book.  Wierdly  fascinating  are 
the  formations,  at  times  resembling  the  ruins  of 
medieval  castles,  again  looking  like  wonderfullv- 
branched  forests  or  the  verdure-lined  streets  of*a 
village.  Through  odd  formations,  scamper  fish 
of  every  variety. 

Passing  one  of  the  biggest  pineapple  planta- 
tions and  canneries  in  the  Terirtory  of  Hawaii 


where  the  visitor  is  ever  welcome,  the  plant  of  the 
Federal  Wireless  Telegraph  Company,  its  tower- 
ing masts  from  which  sound  waves  reaching  to 
the  American  mainland,  adds  interest  to  the  jour- 
ney. The  motorist  is  rapidly  whirled  through 
Waiahole,  outlet  for  one  of  the  greatest  engineer- 
ing feats  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  pictures- 
que Kahana  valley,  terminus  of  the  railway  sys- 
tem on  the  island  of  Oahu,  and  Haaula,  where 
a stop  can  be  made  for  meals.  Here  will  be  found 
a marvelous  stretch  of  sand-carpeted  beach,  where 
bathing  is  superb,  and  as  diversified  as  the  color- 
ing of  the  water.  The  Sacred  Falls  two  miles  dis- 
tant afford  a rare  spectacle. 

The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day 
Saints  (Mormon),  more  than  a half  century  ago 
founded  a thriving  settlement  at  Laie  which  is 
on  the  route  followed  by  round-the-island  tour- 
ists. The  largest  Mormon  temple  west  of  Utah 
is  now  under  construction  here.  Kahuku,  a north- 
ermost  point  on  Oahu  offers  inspection  of  a typi- 
cal sugar  mill.  The  greatest  radio  plant  in  the 
world  is  in  daily  operation  by  the  Marconi  Tele- 
graph Company  near  this  point.  The  territorial 
Industrial  School  for  Boys  is  pointed  out  to  the 
visitor  as  a model  institution  of  this  kind.  Hale- 
iwa with  its  beautiful  hotel,  is  a favored  spot 
dear  to  the  memory  of  a bather,  surfer,  golfer 
and  lover  of  out-door  life.  It  is  filled  with  delight 
to  the  visitor  fifty-two  weeks  in  the  year  and  has 
become  famous  as  a rendezvous  for  game-fisnor- 
men.  The  hotel  adds  to  the  charm  as  a place  for 
rest  and  recuperation.  Before  ascending  to  the 
great  tableland  on  the  homeward  journey,  cloud- 
saluting  peaks  confront  the  traveler.  These  moun- 
tains and  their  attractive  foot-hills  are  the  year- 
round  clothed  in  gorgeous  and  abundant  garb, 
supplied  by  nature.  From  Haleiwa,  the  route 
passes  through  abundant  growth  of  sugar  cane 
and  pineapples.  Schofield  barracks,  the  largest 
military  post  west  of  the  Rockies,  lying  at  the 
base  of  Mt.  Kaala,  (4,040  feet)  the  highest  peak 
on  Oahu,  is  fast  assuming  pretentious  proportions 
through  the  expenditure  of  millions  of  dollars  by 
the  United  States  government.  At  Pearl  Harbor, 
with  its  beautiful  expanse  of  land  locked  water. 


the  location  of  the  greatest  naval  station  under 
the  American  flag,  bursts  into  view.  Honolulu  and 
Diamond  Head  are  seen  in  the  distance. 

Aiea  is  a point  of  interest  for  visitors  who 
would  delve  into  the  intricacies  of  sugar  maknig 
and  the  process  necessary  to  place  it  before  the 
consumer.  The  “motor  cruise”  to  Honolulu  is  con- 
tinued through  a vast  though  charming  retreat, 
the  estate  of  Hon.  Samuel  M.  Damon,  Moanaiua 
Gardens  are  characteristic  of  “The  Paradise  of 
the  Pacific”  where  meet  and  co-mingle  the  races 
from  earth’s  fartherest  nooks  and  corners. 

A return  to  Honolclu,  the  gateway  to  what  is 
destined  to  become  the  nation’s  playground  is 
made  after  a delightful  journey  of  about  90  miles. 

The  priceless  delights  of  dbtdoor  life  in  moun- 
fastness  or  along  coral-fringed  and  verdure-clad 
seashore  may  be  enjoyed  to  repletion  within  a few 
miles  of  Honolulu.  The  means  of  enjoyment  are 
endless.  Exploration  for  instance,  is  filled  with 
surprising  pleasures.  Game  fishing  will  be  found 
unparalleled  at  Haleiwa  and  other  points  favored 
by  the  angler.  Miles  of  rugged  coast  offer  oppor- 
tunity to  the  camper.  Well-defined  trails  lead 
from  the  belt  road  to  vale  and  crag.  An  all-day 
tour  of  Oahu  only  leads  to  a desire  for  a better 
acquaintance  of  the  island  and  a prolongation  of 
a visit  all  too  short. 

ANCIENT  TEMPLES. 

The  visitor  is  constantly  reminded  of  the  reli- 
gious rites  followed  by  the  ancient  Hawaiian  peo- 
ple by  the  presence  of  a number  of  well  defined 
and  preserved  heeiaus  (or  temples),  the  ruins  of 
which  have  proved  a rich  field  for  archeological  T*\ 
research.  One  may  be  seen  from  an  auto  near 
Waimea  Canyon.  Chauffeurs  will  point  it  out 


Hotels  and  Boarding  Houses 

Honolulu  has  a number  of  hotels  which  are 
equal  in  every  way  to  the  best  first-class  hotels 
on  the  mainland.  They  are  conducted  by  Ameri- 
cans and  are  in  every  respect  American.  Their 
rates  run  from  $1  per  day  up,  European  plan; 
and  from  $3  up,  American  plan. 

There  are  also  a number  of  family  hotels  of  the 
best  class,  besides  boarding  houses  and  lodging 
houses  of  varying  standards.  Their  rates  are 
approximately  the  same  as  in  the  average  main- 
land city  for  similar  service  and  accommodations 
furnished. 

Hack  and  Automobile  Rates 

Rates  of  fare  for  passenger  vehicles  in  Hono- 
lulu are  limited  by  law. 

Hack  fares  about  the  city  are  based  on  a rate 
of  25  cents  per  mile  per  passenger,  or  fraction 
of  each  mile.  Automobiles,  $1.00  for  one  or  two 
passengers. 

To  Country  Club,  Moana  Hotel  or  Kapiolani 
Park,  single  passengers,  $1.00  each,  additional  60 
cents.  Autos,  $1.50,  one  or  two  passengers,  and 
50  cents  each  additional  passenger. 

Continuous  driving,  single  passenger,  50*  each, 
additional  501  per  hour.  Automobiles,  $4.00  per 
hour,  50c  each  over  four  passengers. 

Pali  drive,  one  or  two  passengers,  round  trip, 
$5.00,  each  additional  $1.00.  Automobiles,  $5.00 
each  additional  passenger,  over  four,  50*. 

Punchbowl  drive,  one  or  two  passengers,  $3.00 
each  additional  60*.  Automobiles,  $4.00,  60*  each 
over  four  passengers. 

Moanalua  Polo  Ground,  one  or  two  passengers, 
$5.00,  each  additional  $1.00.  Automobiles,  $4.00, 
each  additional  50  cents  each. 

Round  Diamond  Head,  one  or  two  passengers, 
$4.00,  each  additional,  $1.00.  Automobiles,  $4.00 
50  cents  each  over  four  passengers. 

Round  Island  of  Oahu  by  automobile,  one  to 
six  passengers,  $20.00  to  $30.00,  ($4.00  to  $6.00 
* 

p.  m.  and  6 a.  m. 

- Children  over  five  and  not  over  ten  years  of 
age,  half  fare.  Under  five  years,  free. 


Engineering  Features 

of  the 

Waiahole  Water  Project 

of  the 

Waiahole  Water  Co. 

Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii 


By  Chas.  H.  Kluegel,  Aem.  Am.  Soc.  C.E. 


Honolulu 

The  Hawaiian  Gazette  Co.,  Ltd. 
1916 


in  tunnel,  Waiawa  Gulch. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/engineeringfeatuOOklue 


Engineering  Features  of  the  Waiahole  Water 
Project  of  the  Waiahole  Water  Company. 


ISLAND  OF  OAHU,  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 
By  Chas.  H.  Kluegel,  Mem.  Am.  Soc.  C.E. 

The  general  plan  or  scheme  of  development  adopted  was  that 
recommended  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Lippincott,  C.E.,  who  made  an  . ex- 
haustive study  of  the  project,  going  fully  into  the  past  history 
and  study  already  made  by  Mr.  J.  Jorgensen  and  other  parties, 
and  reported  to  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Oahu  Sugar  Co., 
Ltd.,  under  date  of  August  19,  1911. 

Mr.  Lippincott  was  assisted  in  this  work  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Wall. 
During  the  following  two  years,  the  Waiahole  Water  Co.,  Ltd., 
was  organized,  and  Mr.  H.  K.  Bishop  was  appointed  Chief  En- 
gineer of  the  project  in  January,  1913,  and  the  actual  work  of 
constructing  the  system  began  in  February,  1913,  the  work  being 
carried  out  directly  by  the  Company  under  the  direction  of  its 
Chief  Engineer. 

This  method  of  performing  the  work  was  followed  until  Octo- 
ber, 1913,  when  the  remainder  of  the  work,  except  the  pipes 
across  gulches,  was  let  out  to  Mr.  Jorgen  Jorgensen,  Contract 
Engineer.  Mr.  Bishop  resigned  as  Chief  Engineer  at  this  time, 
and  Mr.  C.  H.  Kluegel  was  appointed  Inspecting  Engineer  to 
complete  the  work.  Later  Mr.  J.  M.  Young  was  appointed  as 
Consulting  Engineer.  The  work  is  thus  divided  into  two  stages. 

GENERAL  PLAN 

The  general  plan  provided  for  collecting  the  water  from  the 
many  streams  and  gulches  on  the  windward  side  of  Oahu  by 
means  of  tunnels  through  the  ridges  or  spurs,  and  conveying  the 
water,  after  collecting,  through  the  mountain  in  the  main  tunnel 
to  the  leeward  side  of  the  Island,  thence  by  tunnels,  ditches  and 
pipes,  to  the  upper  levels  of  Oahu  Sugar  Plantation. 

The  tunnels  connect  up  the  various  streams  on  the  North  side, 
and  take  in  the  water  at  the  adits  in  the  gulches.  There  are  27 
of  these  tunnels  on  the  North  side,  varying  in  length  from  280 
feet  to  2332  feet,  the  aggregate  length  of  the  North  side  tunnels 
being  24,621  feet,  or  4.66  miles,  being  in  reality  one  continuous 


6 


tunnel.  The  number  of  adits  at  which  water  is  taken  in  is  30, 
the  intakes  being  located  at  the  most  advantageous  points  at  the 
streams  in  the  gulches. 

The  maximum  elevation  at  which  water  is  taken  into  the  tun- 
nel is  790  feet  above  sea  level,  and  the  grade  or  slope  of  the 
North  side  tunnels  is  1.3  feet  per  thousand. 

The  length  of  the  main  tunnel  through  the  Koolau  Ridge  is 
14,567  feet,  or  2.76  miles,  the  grade  or  slope  being  2.0  feet  per 
thousand. 

The  elevation  of  the  North  portal  of  the  main  tunnel  is  752 
feet  above  sea  level,  and  at  the  South  portal  724  feet. 

The  length  of  the  tunnels  on  the  South  side  is  19,211  feet,  or 
3%  miles,  this  distance  comprising  14  tunnels,  varying  in  length 
from  346  feet  to  3329  feet. 

In  these  tunnels  the  slope  or  grade  is  somewhat  less,  being  1.3 
feet  per  thousand,  thus  delivering  the  water  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  South  side  tunnels  at  an  elevation  of  699  feet.  From  this 
point  the  water  is  conveyed  by  means  of  cement-lined  open 
ditches,  elevated  concrete  ditches,  four  steel  pipes,  and  three  red- 
wood pipes.  It  is  delivered  to  the  upper  boundary  of  Oahu  plan- 
tation at  an  elevation  of  650  feet  through  several  distributaries, 
and  by  the  main  ditch,  which  reaches  this  elevation  at  the  boun- 
dary of  Honouliuli. 

The  water  is  also  delivered  into  numerous  reservoirs,  especially 
at  night,  when  irrigating  the  cane  fields  is  inconvenient.  One  of 
the  larger  reservoirs,  on  the  line  of  the  Waikakalaua  storm  water 
ditch,  has  long  been  in  use.  It  is  called  Five  Finger  Reservoir. 
Its  elevation  was  a determining  factor  in  establishing  the  grade 
elevation  of  the  Waiahole  conduit. 

The  length  of  open  ditch  between  the  last  tunnel  and  the  Wai- 
kakalaua gulch  is  20,000  feet,  or  3.79  miles.  This  portion  of  the 
waterway  crosses  three  gulches,  where  riveted  steel  pipes  are 
used,  ditches  being  impracticable. 

The  first  of  these  pipes  is  78  inches  in  diameter,  and  1125  feet 
long,  the  maximum  head  being  165  feet.  The  second  pipe  is  78 
inches  in  diameter,  and  331  feet  long,  the  maximum  head  being 
80  feet.  The  third  pipe,  at  Kipapa  Gulch,  is  72  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  2034  feet  long,  and  the  maximum  head  is  270  feet.  The 
fourth  pipe  crosses  Waikakalaua  Gulch.  It  is  72  inches  in  diam- 
eter and  970  feet  long,  the  maximum  head  being  220  feet.  This 
pipe  crosses  two  tracks  of  the  Oahu  Railway,  passing  over  one 
track  and  under  the  other.  The  aggregate  length  of  the  four 
steel  pipes  is  4460  feet  to  the  West  side  of  Waikakalaua  Gulch. 

The  pipes  are  made  of  steel  plates  varying  from  %"  thickness 
for  the  highest  heads  to  yyr  thickness  for  the  upper  sections.  The 


/ 

pipes  are  riveted  together  in  five  and  one-third-foot  sections. 
They  are  supported  on  concrete  piers  of  varying  heights,  de- 
pending on  the  topography  of  the  ground,  and  the  spacing  of  the 
piers  is,  in  general,  about  26  feet,  the  spacing  being  chosen  in 
multiples  of  section  length. 

The  intakes  and  outlets  of  these  pipes  consist  of  a heavy  con- 
struction of  concrete,  reinforced,  and  the  intakes  are  provided 
with  iron  -grating  bars  to  prevent  the  access  of  floating  material 
of  any  kind,  and  as  a safety  precaution  in  case  of  a person  or 
animal  accidentally  falling  into  the  ditch  near  the  pipe. 


72-inch  steel  pipe  across  Waikakalaua  Gulch,  looking  west. 

The  pipes  are  provided  with  blow-off  valves  at  the  lowest 
points,  and  with  man-holes  for  inspection,  cleaning  and  painting, 
it  being  recognized  that  to  keep  steel  pipes  of  this  kind  in  good 
condition  requires  careful  and  thorough  painting  at  frequent  in- 
tervals. 

Provision  is  made  by  means  of  valves  at  the  lowest  point  of 
the  Kipapa  Gulch  pipe  to  take  out  water  for  irrigating  the  lands 
in  Kipapa  Gulch,  and  other  lands  lying  below  that  level,  and  also 
for  power  purposes,  should  this  latter  become  desirable  at  some 


72-inch  steel  pipe  across  bottom  of  Kipapa  Gulch. 


9 


future  time;  the  water  from  the  tail-race  of  the  power  plant  being 
then  available  for  irrigation  after  delivering  up  its  power,  the 
available  hydraulic  head  at  this  point,  being  280  feet. 

West  of  Waikakalaua  Gulch,  through  Hoaeae  and  to  the  upper 
boundary  of  Oahu  Plantation  in  Honouliuli,  the  conduit  consists 
of  12,650  feet  of  cement-lined  ditches,  and  three  redwood  pipes 
5 feet  in  diameter,  having  an  aggregate  length  of  2830  feet. 

SUBDIVISION  OF  WORK 

For  convenience  in  administration,  the  project  was  subdivided 
as  follows : 


North  Division  Tunnels. 

Main  Tunnel  

South  Division  Tunnels 
South  Division  Ditch.  . . 

Pipes  

Hoaeae  Ditch  

Honouliuli  Ditch 

Distributaries  


24,621  ft.  4.66  miles 

14,567  “ 2.76  “ 

19,211  “ 3.64  “ 

20,000  “ 3.79  “ 

7,290  “ 1.38  “ 

12,650  “ 2.40  “ 

approx.  2. 
approx.  6. 


Total 


26.53  miles 


not  including  extensions  by  Oahu  Sugar  Co. 

ORGANIZATION 


When  the  work  was  undertaken,  the  time  of  completion  was 
considered  an  important  element,  and  Mr.  Bishop’s  organization 
was  planned  to  secure  the  most  expeditious  execution  of  the 
project. 

The  office  of  the  Chief  Engineer  was  located  in  Honolulu, 
where  all  plans  were  drawn,  all  maps  were  made,  and  records 
kept.  The  purchasing  of  material  and  the  accounting  were  also 
done  at  the  main  office.  The  force  in  this  office  consisted  of  an 
Assistant  Engineer,  whose  work  was  chiefly  on  plans  and  in  pre- 
paring designs  under  the  direction  of  the  Chief  Engineer ; 
draughtsmen,  clerks,  and  stenographer. 

Reporting  to  the  Chief  Engineer  were  two  Division  Engineers 
— one  located  at  each  portal  of  the  main  tunnel,  each  Division 
Engineer  having  two  parties  in  the  field,  each  party  consisting  of 
a chief  of  party,  transitman  and  rodman,  and  each  division  office 
had  the  services  of  a draughtsman  for  plotting  up  the  notes  and 
recording  the  data  brought  in  by  the  field  parties,  all  data  being 


10 


sent  in  to  the  main  office  as  soon  as  checked  and  worked  up. 

Also  reporting  to  the  Chief  Engineer  was  a General  Superin- 
tendent of  Construction,  Mr.  A.  A.  Wilson,  who  was  in  direct 
charge  of  all  the  constructing  work. 

Reporting  to  the  General  Superintendent  were  two  Assistant 
Superintendents,  one  located  at  each  portal  of  the  main  tunnel, 
and  each  having  in  charge  the  tunnel  foreman,  the  shift  bosses, 
and  the  gangs  of  tunnel  men. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  tunnel  work,  three  shifts  of  eight 
hours  each  were  kept  going.  This  was  continued  until  the  large 
amount  of  water  coming  into  the  tunnel,  at  North  heading, 
became  troublesome,  and  on  account  of  the  hardship  on  the  men, 
working  for  eight  hours  in  the  cold  water,  it  became  necessary  to 
cut  the  shifts  down  to  six  hours  each,  so  that  four  shifts  per  day 
were  employed  for  this  heading. 

The  temperature  of  the  water  in  the  tunnel  was  approximately 
66°  F.,  or  about  8°  colder  than  the  artesian  water  in  Honolulu, 
or,  roughly,  about  1°  for  each  100  feet  of  elevation. 

Great  care  was  exercised  in  checking  the  surveys,  the  triangu- 
lations and  the  levels.  This  was  given  special  care  on  the  main 
tunnel,  it  being  realized  that  while  a small  error  in  alignment 
would  be  unimportant,  it  would  be  necessary  that  all  levels  be 
correct.  This  levelling  was  done  in  the  field  by  three  separate 
parties,  each  of  which  went  over  the  line  twice,  checking  his  own 
work,  and  the  results  of  all  three  parties  were  checked  against 
each  other  and  found  to  compare  within  very  small  limits,  thus 
eliminating  any  possibility  of  error.  The  instruments  used  for 
this  work  were  thoroughly  adjusted  and  tested  for  accuracy. 

The  work  on  the  main  tunnel  was  started  at  once  after  the 
surveys  were  checked  and  found  correct,  and  was  done  at  first 
by  hand  in  order  to  save  time  and  push  the  work  along  as  far  as 
possible  pending  the  arrival  and  installation  of  the  air  drills  and 
machinery. 

It  was  of  importance  that  bases  of  supplies  be  established  at 
each  portal,  so  all  possible  speed  was  made  in  constructing  the 
railway  from  Waikane  landing  to  the  North  portal  and  the  rail' 
way  from  Pump  6 at  Oahu  Plantation  to  the  South  portal. 

In  the  meantime,  camps  were  established  and  sanitary  conve- 
niences were  built  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  the  Board 
of  Health.  No  serious  sickness,  such  as  typhoid  fever,  gave  any 
trouble. 

With  the  above  organization,  the  surveys  were  made  and 
checked,  the  plans  prepared,  the  transportation  line,  consisting  of 
six  miles  of  track  leading  to  the  South  portal  from  Pump  6,  and 
three  and  a quarter  miles  of  railway  from  Waikane  landing  to 


11 


the  North  portal,  was  built;  camps  were  built;  work  was  laid  out 
in  the  field ; the  power  plants  and  machinery  were  installed,  and 
the  actual  work  of  excavation  and  construction  were  well  under 
way  on  October  1st,  1913,  when  this  arrangement  and  organiza- 
tion was  terminated. 


Gates  at  a section  of  finished  conduit. 

The  actual  amount  of  main  tunnel  then  driven  was  912  feet  on 
the  North  side  and  2050  feet  on  the  South  side,  or  about  20%  of 
the  length  of  the  main  tunnel  was  driven  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Bishop.  Some  work  was  also  done  on  the  lateral  tunnels  on 
both  sides,  but  this  part  of  the  work  was  not  rushed  so  much  as 
the  work  on  the  main  tunnel,  inasmuch  as  the  time  required  for 
the  latter  was  the  governing  factor  which  controlled  the  date  of 
completion. 


12 


INTERFERENCE  BY  WATER 

While  it  was  suspected  at  the  outset  that  considerable  water 
might  be  encountered  in  the  main  bore  through  the  mountain,  it 
was  not  anticipated  at  the  beginning  that  enough  water  would  be 
developed  to  materially  interfere  with  the  progress  of  the  excava- 
tion. This  hope  was  not  realized,  however,  for  the  main  bore 
had  proceeded  only  about  200  feet  from  the  North  portal  when 
water  to  the  extent  of  two  million  gallons  daily  was  developed — 
this  on  breaking  through  the  first  dyke. 

These  dykes  are  hard,  impervious  strata  of  rock  lying  approxi- 
mately at  an  angle  of  45°  to  the  tunnel  axis,  and  nearly  vertical, 
and  they  occur  at  intervals  of  varying  length.  Between  the 
dykes  was  the  porous  water-bearing  rock,  thoroughly  saturated, 
and  with  the  water  pent  up  between  the  dykes  often  under  con- 
siderable pressure,  so  that  when  a dyke  was  penetrated,  the  water 
would  spout  out  from  the  drill  holes  and  would  gush  forth  from 
the  openings  blasted  in  the  headings.  As  the  work  progressed, 
the  water  increased  in  quantity  and  the  difficulty  of  the  work 
was  enormously  greater  on  account  of  the  water. 

The  slope  of  the  tunnel  being  downward  from  the  North  por- 
tal, the  matter  of  getting  rid  of  the  water  by  drainage  was  also 
one  of  great  difficulty.  This  at  first  was  managed  by  lowering 
the  floor  at  the  North  portal  about  2 feet,  this  being  thought  suffi- 
cient at  that  time,  and  allowing  the  water  to  drain  out  by  gravity. 

At  about  900  feet  from  the  North  portal,  the  flow  of  water 
having  increased  to  26  million  gallons  daily,  the  floor  was  again 
lowered  to  five  feet  below  grade  at  the  portal,  and  at  this  stage 
the  men  in  the  heading  were  working  waist-deep  in  cold  water, 
in  a perfect  torrent,  the  inflowing  water  coming  principally  from 
the  face  and  from  the  roof  and  sides  for  a distance  back  from 
the  heading,  the  flow  of  water  apparently  following  the  heading 
fairly  closely.  The  pressure  of  water  in  the  drill  holes  inter- 
fered very  much  with  the  blasting,  so  that  the  ordinary  methods 
of  charging  and  firing  could  not  be  used.  The  final  expedient 
resorted  to  to  hold  the  dynamite  in  place  until  it  could  be  fired 
was  to  pack  the  sticks  of  explosive  in  thin  metal  tubes  of  the 
diameter  of  a stick  of  powder,  and  of  sufficient  length  to  enclose 
the  quantity  of  powder  desired.  This  scheme  gave  good  results, 
but  was  expensive  and  materially  delayed  progress. 

The  texture  and  hardness  of  the  rock  varied  considerably — 
some  of  it  being  particularly  soft  and  porous  and  much  of  it 
hard  and  flinty — particularly  at  the  dykes.  The  dykes  varied  in 
thickness  from  14  feet  down  to  about  4 feet,  but  all  the  dykes 
were  composed  of  very  hard,  close-grained  rock  which  was  ap- 


r 


13 


The  Lord-Young  Company’s  wagon  train  hauling  72-inch  pipe  sections. 


14 


parently  waterproof.  All  of  the  rock,  however,  was  gritty  and 
abrasive  lava,  and  necessitated  an  unusual  amount  of  drill  sharp- 
ening, two  of  the  latest  type  drill-sharpening  machines  being  kept 
busy  all  the  time. 

When  the  water  had  increased  to  the  point  where  it  could  not 
be  drained  out  by  gravity  by  lowering  the  floor  at  the  North 
portal,  a siphon  pipe  made  of  redwood,  and  16  inches  in  diam- 
eter, was  installed,  and  this  made  it  possible  to  drive  the  work 
ahead  a short  distance  further.  A second  siphon  pipe  20  inches 
in  diameter  was  next  installed  at  the  side  of  the  tunnel  immedi- 
ately over  the  top  of  the  16-inch  siphon,  and  this  gave  further 
relief  and  made  it  possible  to  extend  the  North  heading  to  ap- 
proximately 1400  feet.  At  this  point  the  maximum  inflow  of 
water  was  approximately  35  million  gallons  daily,  which  was 
taken  out  by  the  two  siphons  and  gravity  drainage. 

It  was  seen  that  the  siphon  method  alone  would  not  suffice 
for  further  drilling,  so  a relief  or  drainage  tunnel  was  driven  on 
the  West  side  of  and  parallel  to  the  main  tunnel  at  a slightly 
higher  level  and  on  an  ascending  slope  from  the  portal,  its  object 
being  to  intercept  and  drain  off  a portion  of  the  troublesome  in- 
flowing water.  This  tunnel  was  required  to  provide  access  at 
all  times  to  the  water  register  to  be  installed  at  the  boundary 
between  Waiahole  and  Waiawa,  distant  1705  feet  from  the  North 
portal.  This  expedient  proved  helpful  after  the  tunnel  was  ex- 
tended in  about  1400  feet.  The  two  tunnels  were  then  worked 
together  alternately,  first  one  and  then  the  other,  the  floor  of  the 
main  tunnel  being  kept  above  grade  to  avoid  having  the  tunnel 
men  work  so  deep  in  the  water.  They  were  working  at  this 
time  in  water  about  three  feet  deep. 

This  alternate  working  was  continued  to  1700  feet  from  the 
North  portal,  where  a chamber  was  blasted  out  of  the  solid  rock 
on  the  side  next  to  the  relief  tunnel.  A cross-cut  was  made  to 
connect  the  two,  and  a centrifugal  pump  of  13  million  gallons 
capacity  was  installed,  which  raised  the  water  of  the  main  tunnel 
through  a pipe  to  the  relief  tunnel,  which,  at  this  point,  is  some 
18  feet  higher,  and  the  relief  tunnel  acted  as  a drain. 

With  this  arrangement,  the  work  proceeded  until  the  two  head- 
ings met  on  December  13,  1915,  and  although  the  trouble  and 
difficulty  with  the  water  never  entirely  ceased,  it  was  possible  to 
proceed  slowly  at  an  average  rate  of  about  12  feet  per  day  of 
24  hours  with  three  shifts. 

SOUTH  HEADING,  MAIN  TUNNEL 

From  the  South  portal  the  progress  was  rapid,  often  as  high 
as  630  feet  per  month,,  or  about  21  feet  per  day  on  an  average, 


15 


Water  issuing  from  water-bearing  rock  in  the  main  tunnel,  10,550  feet  from  the  South  j-oital. 
March  23,  1915.  (The  lanterns  are  held  by  men  standing  alongside  a Leyner  drill.) 


16 


notwithstanding  the  long  haul,  which  at  the  last  was  over  two 
miles. 

The  first  dyke  on  the  South  side  was  struck  at  10,518  feet 
from  the  portal,  the  first  evidence  of  water  being  from  the  drill 
holes,  from  which  the  water  spouted  under  pressure. 

The  measurements  of  pressure  by  gage  on  some  of  the  plugged 
drill  holes  showed  a pressure  of  65  pounds  per  square  inch,  cor- 
responding to  a static  head  of  150  feet.  When  water  was  struck, 
the  excavation  was  discontinued  temporarily.  The  spouting  drill 
holes  were  plugged,  the  track  was  removed,  and  the  floor  of  the 
tunnel,  which  up  to  this  point  was  mainly  through  porous  rock, 
was  lined  with  concrete  with  a plastered  cement  surface ; the 
walls  in  the  meantime  having  been  lined  and  cemented  to  make 
them  watertight.  Such  portions  of  the  tunnel  as  required  over- 
head arching  had  been  arched  and  made  ready  for  use. 

The  track  was  then  replaced  and  the  work  continued  at  re- 
duced speed,  due  to  the  water,  which  came  in  in  large  quanti- 
ties, the  maximum  flow  from  this  heading  reaching  17  million 
gallons  daily,  until  the  two  headings  met  at  11,679  feet  from  the 
South  portal. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  80%  of  the  length  of 
the  main  tunnel  was  driven  from  the  South  portal,  and  20%  of 
the  length  was  driven  from  the  North  portal,  the  difference  in 
these  proportions  from  the  two  headings  being  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  water  at  a much  earlier  stage  in  the  North  heading.  Had 
there  been  no  water  to  contend  with,  the  length  driven  from  each 
heading  would  have  been  approximately  the  same. 

In  order  to  give  room  for  the  water  to  flow  from  the  heading, 
the  track  was  raised  on  timbers  of  4x12  in  long  lengths,  placed 
edgewise  as  stringers,  on  top  of  which  the  track  ties  were  laid. 
The  track  was  24"  gage,  laid  with  16-pound  and  20-pound  T-rail. 
The  cars  used  were  the  standard  Koppel  one-yard,  all-steel  dump 
cars.  Electric  locomotives  driven  by  storage  batteries  were  used 
in  both  headings.  These  gave  good  service  on  short  hauls, 
except  for  the  necessity  of  frequent  recharging  of  the  batteries, 
and  minor  difficulties  due  to  water. 

A gasoline  motor  tractor  was  used  for  the  long  haul,  until  the 
track  was  raised  in  the  South  heading,  the  raising  of  the  track 
leaving  insufficient  clearance  for  the  gasoline  locomotive. 

A cable  haul  was  then  installed,  this  operating  entirely  with- 
out interruption  from  the  water  and  clearance.  The  steel  cable 
used  was  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  and  was  approximately  four 
miles  in  length,  spliced  to  make  a continuous  cable,  and  running 
over  a sheave  secured  to  a timber  in  the  floor  of  the  tunnel  at 
10,800  feet  from  the  South  portal.  The  cable  tractor  was  a 


17 


Portion  of  tunnel,  showing  forms  for  arch  of  tunnel 
roof. 


double-drum  puller  with  a cable  tightener,  and  was  driven  by 
belt  and  gearing  from  a 50  H.  P.  electric  motor.  There  was 
considerable  wear  on  the  cable,  due  to  abrasion  on  the  ties.  This 
wear  was  much  reduced  by  damming  up  the  water  in  the  tunnel 
at  frequent  intervals  in  order  to  permit  the  cable  to  run  in  the 
water,  which,  apparently,  acted  as  a lubricant  and  reduced  the 


18 


wear.  The  cable  parted  on  two  occasions,  and  delayed  the  work 
until  a splice  could  be  made.  One  cable  was  completely  worn 
out  and  the  second  cable  used  was  probably  about  half  worn 
out,  over  a period  of  eight  months. 

POWER  PLANT 

At  the  outset  it  was  planned  by  Mr.  Bishop  to  supply  electric 
power  to  the  two  portals  for  operating  the  air  compressors  and 
other  machinery  from  a central  power  station,  located  at  Pump  6, 
transmitting  at  high  voltage  by  pole  line  to  the  two  portals,  the 
pole  line  extending  past  the  South  portal  over  the  mountain  to 
the  North  portal. 

This  station  was  installed  and  the  power  line  was  built  from 
Pump  6 as  stated,  but  before  it  was  completed,  water  had  been 
struck  on  the  North  side,  and  the  quantity  was  found  to  be  suf- 
ficient to  supply  all  the  power  needed,  the  available  convenient 
hydraulic  head  being  approximately  250  feet.  The  central  steam- 
driven  power  plant  was  completed,  however,  and  held  at  reserve 
for  emergency  use,  although  the  plant  and  power  line  from  Pump 
6 to  the  South  portal  was  used  very  little.  The  central  power  plant 
consisted  of  500  H.  P.  Babcock  & Wilcox  water-tube  boilers, 
supplying  steam  at  180  lbs.  pressure,  to  a 350  K.W.  high-pressure 
non-condensing  steam  turbo  generator  set,  delivering  3-phase 
current  at  3300  volts  pressure,  stepped  up  and  transmitted  at 
11,000  volts  to  the  two  stations  at  the  portals,  and  there  stepped 
down  to  250  volts  for  use  at  the  motors.  Oil  fuel  was  used  for 
the  boilers,  and  the  location  at  Pump  6 was  chiefly  on  account  of 
the  convenience  of  fuel  supply,  which  was  drawn  from  the  tanks 
supplying  fuel  to  the  boilers  at  Pump  6. 

The  plant  which  actually  supplied  the  power  for  use  at  the 
tunnel  was  a 350  H.  P.  Pelton  water-wheel  belted  to  300  K.W. 
3-phase  generator,  these  units  being  installed  in  the  gulch  below 
and  near  the  North  portal. 

There  was  an  abundance  of  water  from  the  North  heading,  and 
the  head  at  the  Pelton  wheel  was  250  feet.  This  made  an  inex- 
pensive and  easily  operated  plant  which  was  entirely  satisfactory 
except  at  rare  intervals  when  the  water  was  low.  The  power 
was  transmitted  by  pole  line  to  the  South  portal  in  the  opposite 
direction  to  that  originally  planned. 

The  local  plant  at  each  portal  contained  a duplex  2-stage  Inger- 
soll-Rand  air  compressor,  supplying  800  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per 
minute,  at  a pressure  of  100  pounds  per  square  inch,  belted  to 
electric  motors ; receivers ; Leyner  drills ; sharpening  machine ; 
pumps  ; blacksmithing  equipment ; blowers  for  ventilation  ; a num- 


4 


19 


ber  of  small  machine  tools  for  repair  work,  and  facilities  for 
making  up  the  metal  powder  tubes.  The  air  drills  used  were 
the  water-Leyner  drills  up  to  10  feet  long.  These  drills  use  a 
jet  of  water  under  pressure  which  forces  out  the  cuttings  from 
the  point  of  the  drill.  They  are  capable  of  rapid  drilling,  there 
being  very  little  interruption  from  the  clogging  up  of  cuttings. 

Air  was  supplied  to  the  drills  by  a 4-inch  pipe  line  running  to 
a manifold  which  was  always  near  the  heading.  Each  round 
required  from  12  to  20  holes,  eight  to  ten  feet  depth,  the  holes 
being  drilled  at  slightly  converging  angles  in  order  to  break  the 
rock  effectively.  Each  round  required  from  50  to  100  pounds  of 
40%  or  60%  dynamite,  Giant  brand  being  used. 


Steel  pipes  at  Waikakalaua  Gulch,  crossing  a branch  of  the 
Oahp  Railway.  The  larger  one  is  the  new  72-inch  pipe. 


The  ventilation  of  the  tunnel  headings  was  secured  by  forcing 
air  by  means  of  blowers  through  16-inch  metal  pipes  which  were 
carried  along  the  side  of  the  tunnel,  the  air  being  forced  in  con- 
tinuously. When  a shot  was  fired,  the  direction  of  the  blower 
* was  reversed  for  a while,  and  the  smoke  and  foul  air  was  drawn 


20 


out  of  the  tunnel  through  the  pipe  until  it  was  clear  and  fit  for 
the  men  to  work.  This  arrangement  of  ventilation  proved  ef- 
fective and  saved  a great  deal  of  time. 

LABOR 

Special  tribute  should  be  paid  to  the  Japanese  tunnel  men, 
without  whom  the  excellent  progress  made  on  the  tunnel  would 
have  been  impossible.  These  “professional”  tunnel  men,  as  they 


Japanese  professional  tunnel  men,  Main  Tunnel,  July,  1914. 

call  themselves,  prefer  this  work  to  any  other,  and  they  appar- 
ently take  delight  in  the  hardships  incident  to  the  work,  the 
exposure  to  the  cold  water,  and  the  risk  in  handling  explosives. 
They  were  on  the  job  all  the  time  and  never  failed  to  deliver  the 
goods  in  situations  in  which  white  men  or  native  Hawaiians 
would  have  been  physically  impossible.  Most  of  the  drilling  and 
mucking  was  done  by  these  tunnel  men  as  sub-contractors — a 
bonus  being  given  for  rapid  work,  which  sharpened  their  interest 
and  never  failed  to  give  results. 

CAPACITY  OF  CONDUIT 

The  size  of  tunnel  section  is  approximately  7 feet  wide  and  7 
feet  high,  but  in  many  places  the  section  is  larger,  due  to  the 
uneven  cleavage  of  the  rock,  and  the  fact  that  certain  portions 
are  unlined.  The  capacities  of  different  portions  of  the  conduit 
are  as  follows : 


21 


9 


i 


Tunnels  18-27  North  side 80  million  gallons  daily 

Tunnels  13-18  North  side 100  do. 

Tunnels  1-13  North  side 115  do. 

Main  tunnel  150  do. 

Lateral  tunnels  South  side 125  do. 

Pipes  and  ditches  to  Kipapa  Gulch.  . . .125  do. 

Pipe  across  Kipapa  Gulch  100  do. 

Ditches  beyond  Kipapa  Gulch 

100,  140  and  40  do. 

Pipes  beyond  Kipapa  Gulch.  . . .100  and  40  do. 


72 -inch  steel  pipe,  Kipapa  Gulch. 

The  capacities  of  the  various  parts  of  the  conduit  are  affected 
to  a considerable  extent  by  the  slope  or  grade.  The  tunnel  sec- 
tion was  governed  to  a very  large  degree  by  the  minimum  size  in 
which  the  most  rapid  work  could  be  done,  and  in  general  the 
section  for  this  reason  is  greater  than  the  7-feet  size  specified. 

MEASUREMENT  OF  WATER 

The  main  bore  through  the  mountain  was  intended  at  the 
beginning  to  be  merely  a conduit  to  convey  the  water  from  one 
side  to  the  other,  but  in  the  process  of  building  the  tunnel,  water 


* 


22 


Location  of  water-measuring  station  between  lateral  tunnels  H and  I,  Waiawa  Gulch. 


t 


23 

was  developed  so  that  this  became  a source  of  supply,  and  for 
this  reason  it  is  necessary  to  measure  the  flow  at  certain  boun- 
daries as  a basis  of  payment  for  the  water  to  the  owners  of  the 
land.  Two  stations  for  the  measurement  of  water  are  operated, 
one  at  the  boundary  of  Waiahole  and  Waiawa,  and  one  between 
lateral  tunnels  H and  I on  the  South  side,  measurements  at  these 
points  being  all  that  are  required  for  payment  of  the  water. 
These  stations  are  in  channels  of  uniform  sections  which  are 
rated,  and  the  stage  of  water  is  recorded  by  an  automatic  water- 
stage  register,  thus  giving  a permanent  record  of  the  daily  flow 
as  a basis  for  payment. 


Open  ditch  in  Waiawa,  with  cement  lining. 

The  maximum  quantity  of  water  developed  was  on  October 
16,  1914,  and  was  approximately  35  million  gallons  daily  from 
the  North  portal.  The  flow  of  water  has  varied  considerably 
from  time  to  time,  and  has  been  decreasing,  apparently  indicating 
that  the  water  stored  in  the  mountain  between  the  dykes  is  grad- 
ually being  drained  off.  It  is  thought  that  the  permanent  or  con- 
tinual flow  from  the  tunnel  bore  will  be  governed  by  the  rainfall 
over  this  drainage  area.  The  present  flow  of  water  percolating 
into  the  main  tunnel  is  14  million  gallons  daily.  This  appears  to 
be  the  dry  weather  flow. 

CLOSED  CONDUIT  SYSTEM 

This  system  of  tunnels  is  essentially  a closed-conduit  system — « 
that  is,  the  flow  is  entirely  through  closed  tunnels,  not  subject  to 


24 


interruption  by  freshets  or  washouts  or  from  rubbish  or  wash 
from  the  mountain  streams,  the  intakes  being  so  built  as  to  admit 
only  water  as  free  from  rubbish  as  practicable.  Only  at  three 
points  in  the  tunnel  system — and  these  are  on  the  South  side,  one 
of  which  is  a gaging  station — does  the  water  flow  in  open  chan- 
nels for  an  aggregate  length  of  160  feet. 

Pipes  were  not  a part  of  the  contract  to  Mr.  Jorgen  Jorgensen. 
Steel  pipes  were  let  out  to  contract  to  the  Lord-Young  Engineer- 
ing Co.  The  last  of  these  pipes  has  just  been  completed.  The 
contract  for  the  redwood  pipes  was  let  to  Lewers  & Cooke,  Ltd. 

It  is  intended  to  use  the  reservoirs  so  far  as  possible  to  take 
care  of  the  water  flowing  at  night,  so  as  to  utilize  the  conduit  to 
its  fullest  capacity. 

The  Waiahole  Water  Co.  has  taken  over  from  the  Oahu  Sugar 
Co.  the  Ahrens  Ditch  in  Waiawa,  the  Kipapa  Ditch,  the  Wai- 
kakalaua  Ditch  in  Waipio,  and  the  Hoaeae  Ditch.  Two  redwood 
pipes  having  total  length  of  1223  feet  have  been  laid  across  two 
gulches  on  the  line  of  Hoaeae  Ditch,  cutting  out  2j|  miles  of 
ditch. 

The  water  delivered  by  the  Waiahole  System  is  chiefly  used 
on  newly-planted  cane  on  land  above  the  lift  of  the  pumps. 
During  construction  the  water  developed  in  the  main  tunnel  near 
the  South  portal  was  at  times  utilized  for  irrigation.  On  May 
27,  1916,  with  Mr.  H.  Olstad  as  Superintendent,  continuous  oper- 
ation of  the  project  was  begun. 


4 


